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IMPORTANT POINT: In faith systems such as Islam, Sikhism, some Christian groups, Orthodox Judaism, and many other groups, religious beliefs often cannot be separated from ethnic or cultural issues including ethics, customs, food choices, and clothing.

Issues

Patients

Students and Professional Staff

Personal religion or spirituality

Often a vital aspect of who patient is.

Low comfort level in discussing. Sometimes uncertain of own. May not make optimum use of the chaplaincy service.

Prayer

May request prayer from physician. May pray publicly.

Uncertain how to respond. Hesitant to offer to pray even when having strong spiritual sense.

Clothing/Hair style

Hair, nail, or body art style may have religious or cultural significance. May be proscribed from performing particular grooming techniques such as hair cutting.

Must follow both written and unwritten policies about the acceptable for themselves. Policies sometimes challenged on basis of religion or culture.

Research

Sometimes are voluntary participants or seek cures for poor prognoses.

Cloning, fetal tissue, infertility, animal subjects, etc., have religious implications for some.

Holy Days

Affects availability for clinics or procedures. May affect attitude, state of mind.

Affects schedules and staff availability.

Procedures: Emergent and/or Elective

May refuse based on religious grounds (Amputation, abortion, disfigurement). Circumcision--pro or con.

May have religious or ethical reasons to oppose or refuse to offer as options even if procedure is standard of care.

Blood Products

May refuse.

May consider vital for good outcome.

Gender, Sexual Activity, and Sexual Identity

May prefer or require physician or health care personnel of same gender. Onset of sexual activity influenced by belief system.

May be offended if patient refuses care based on physician gender. May be uncomfortable with opposite sex. Must utilize chaperones. May affect attitudes toward persons expressing non-heterosexual identity.

End-of-Life Issues and Palliative Care

May want physician to control the course of care or may have strong personal opinions.

May understand standards of care but may not have experience explaining options. Students may desire to observe discussion. May be unaware of spiritual aspects.

Food and Alcohol; Controlled Substances

Taboos and/or preferences sometimes based on religious teachings, ethical issues, or health considerations (even the animal rights issue has a spiritual connotations for some people). Alcohol and drug usage sometimes regulated by belief system.

Economics, Access, Insurance *

Affects available options

Affects patient population relative to hospital location, clientele, mission

* Moral, ethical, and economic issues cannot be separated from religious issues in some faith systems.